ANAESTHETIC RISKS IN BRACHYCEPHALIC BREEDS

Brachycephalic dog breeds—such as Bulldogs, Pugs, Boston Terriers, French Bulldogs, Boxers, and Shih Tzus—have unique anatomical and physiological traits that can increase the risks associated with sedation and general anaesthesia. These breeds are known for their characteristic flat faces, shortened noses, and narrow airways, which can significantly affect their ability to breathe normally, particularly when sedated or under anaesthesia.

While anaesthesia is performed as safely as possible, it is important for owners of brachycephalic dogs to understand that these breeds carry an inherently higher anaesthetic risk due to their airway structure and related complications. The following outlines the recognised risk factors and complications that may occur in these breeds during or after anaesthesia.

Airway Obstruction

Brachycephalic dogs often suffer from Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS), which includes stenotic (narrowed) nostrils, an elongated soft palate, a narrow trachea, and other airway abnormalities. During anaesthesia, relaxation of the muscles can cause further collapse or obstruction of the upper airway, making it difficult for the dog to breathe. Airway obstruction can occur at any stage - during induction, the procedure itself, or recovery—and may lead to respiratory distress or require emergency intervention.

Breathing Difficulties During Recovery

Even after a successful procedure, brachycephalic dogs can experience **serious breathing complications during recovery**, as their anatomy makes it more difficult to maintain an open airway once they begin to wake. These patients are typically monitored more intensively and may need to remain intubated longer or be provided with oxygen support until they can breathe safely on their own.

Heat Stress

Due to restricted airflow and inefficient panting, brachycephalic breeds have reduced ability to regulate body temperature, making them more prone to overheating under stress, in warm environments, or during recovery from anaesthesia. This can lead to heat stroke, which is potentially life-threatening.

Aspiration Pneumonia

Brachycephalic dogs may have difficulty coordinating swallowing and breathing due to their airway structure, which can increase the risk of vomiting or regurgitation under anaesthesia. If stomach contents are inhaled into the lungs, aspiration pneumonia may result - an inflammatory and potentially serious lung condition requiring intensive treatment.

Cardiovascular Stress

Brachycephalic dogs may have increased cardiovascular risk during anaesthesia due to reduced oxygen delivery and increased work of breathing. In some dogs, chronic low oxygen levels can also lead to secondary changes in the heart and lungs, which may complicate anaesthetic management.

Please Note: While the above complications are recognised in brachycephalic patients, this list is not exhaustive. Not all brachycephalic pets will experience complications, but the risks are higher and less predictable than in other breeds. Careful planning, monitoring, and post-operative support are used to reduce the likelihood of complications, but owners must understand that even with all precautions, unforeseen reactions and outcomes may still occur.

By proceeding with anaesthesia, you acknowledge these increased risks specific to your pet’s breed and accept that complications, although uncommon, may arise. Your pet's safety and wellbeing remain our highest priority.