GENERAL MEDICATION RISKS FOR PETS

Medications are commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat a wide range of conditions, including infection, inflammation, pain, anxiety, organ dysfunction, and more. While medications can significantly improve a pet's health and quality of life, it is important for pet owners to understand that no drug is without potential risks or side effects.

All medications, whether given by injection, orally, topically, or otherwise, have the potential to cause adverse reactions. These reactions can vary in severity depending on the type of medication, the individual pet, and any underlying health conditions they may have. While most pets tolerate medications well, some may experience mild to serious side effects, even if they have taken the same medication before without issue.

The following outlines the general risks and possible complications associated with commonly used veterinary medications:

Allergic Reactions

Any pet can develop an allergic or hypersensitivity reaction to a medication, even if they have received it previously. Reactions can vary from mild skin irritation or facial swelling to severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing or life-threatening anaphylaxis. Allergic reactions may require emergency treatment.

Gastrointestinal Upset

Vomiting, diarrhoea, reduced appetite, or nausea are common side effects of many oral medications, particularly antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and pain medications. These symptoms are usually mild and resolve once the medication is stopped, but can occasionally be more severe or require supportive care.

Liver and Kidney Effects

Some medications are processed through the liver or kidneys, and in certain pets—especially those with pre-existing organ disease—these drugs can cause further damage or lead to changes in liver or kidney function. Blood tests may be recommended before or during treatment to monitor for early signs of toxicity.

Behavioural Changes or Sedation

Medications that affect the nervous system, such as sedatives, anti-anxiety medications, or some pain relievers, may cause drowsiness, restlessness, agitation, or disorientation in some pets. These effects are usually temporary but should be monitored.

Drug Interactions

When multiple medications are used together, there is a potential for **drug interactions**, where the effect of one drug is increased, decreased, or altered by another. This can result in reduced effectiveness or unexpected side effects. Always inform your veterinarian of **all** medications or supplements your pet is receiving.

Accidental Overdose or Misadministration

Incorrect dosing or giving the wrong medication can result in overdose or toxicity. Certain human medications (such as ibuprofen, paracetamol, or antidepressants) are highly toxic to pets and should never be administered unless specifically prescribed. Always follow dosing instructions carefully and store medications out of reach of pets and children.

Delayed or Unpredictable Reactions

Some pets may not show signs of a reaction until several days after starting a medication. Others may develop rare or unexpected side effects not commonly associated with a particular drug. Any sudden change in behaviour, appetite, urination, breathing, or energy level while on medication should be reported promptly.

NOTE: The risks outlined above are not exhaustive. While every effort is made to minimise complications, other unexpected issues may arise.